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Community Medicine

Spurious Association, Multifactorial Causation and Evidence of Causation

parallel and cross over designs

Spurious Association Sometimes an observed association between a disease and suspected factor may not be real. For example a study …

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Quasi Experimental Studies

types of epidemiological studies

Quasi experimental designs are based on the same structure as experimental designs but lack the randomization, control, or both. These …

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Non-Randomized Trials

types of epidemiological studies

Trial is from the French ‘trier’ (to try). Trial may be: •    Clinical trial –in which we apply therapeutic interventions …

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Randomized Controlled Trials

Randomized controlled trials designs

An epidemiological experiment in which subjects in a population are randomly allocated into groups, usually called study and control groups …

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Cohort Studies

Cohort studies

Cohort is an ancient Roman military unit of 300-600 men, a group of soldiers marching forward in battle. Cohort studies …

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Differences between Case Control and Cohort Studies

Case control studies

The differences between case control and cohort studies may be summarized as follows: Case Control Study Cohort Study •       Proceeds …

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Case Control Studies

Steps in Case control studies

In case control study, we start with diseased group (“cases”); which we compare with non-diseased group (“controls”). We look back …

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Ecological Studies

types of epidemiological studies

In ecological studies, we consider aggregates of individuals. Aggregates often defined by units e.g. geographic region, school or health care …

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Cross-Sectional Studies

Concept of prevalence pool

Cross sectional studies are conducted at a single point in time or over a short period of time. There is …

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Case Reports and Case Series

Research 3

A case report is a detailed report by a physician of an unusual disease in a single person. The population …

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