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Pathology

Structure of Insulin

insulin structure

Insulin is a hormone secreted by beta cells within the pancreas. It is essential in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates and …

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Hormones Regulating Carbohydrate Metabolism

insulin, anti insulin hormones

Several hormones regulate carbohydrate metabolism. Insulin It is  secreted by the beta-cells of the pancreas in response to a high …

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Purine Metabolism

Purine metabolism

The purine base (adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, etc.) is a double ring structure. A base attached to pentose (ribose) is a …

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Causes of Hyperuricemia and Hypouricemia

gout

Hyperuricemia The causes of hyperuricemia may be primary or secondary. Primary Overproduction: Idiopathic Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency Reduced excretion: Idiopathic …

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Inborn Errors of Purine Metabolism

Purine metabolism

Inborn errors of purine metabolism include the following: 1. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase Severe deficiency (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is …

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Gout -Stages, Diagnosis and Investigations

gout

Gout is a group of metabolic diseases associated with hyperuricaemia and deposition of crystals of monosodium urate in tissues. Presentation …

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Differential Diagnosis of Joint Pain

joint pain

Differential diagnosis of joint pain includes the following: Traumatic Causes Bones Patellar fractures Supracondylar fractures of femur Tibial fractures involving …

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Monitoring Reperfusion after Thrombolytic Therapy

Early monitoring of markers may be useful to determine reperfusion success in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy. The complete opening of …

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Investigations of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Laboratory investigations (Other than cardiac markers) Plasma glucose- fasting and after break fast (ABF) HBA1c (glycosylated haemoglobin) Microalbuminaemia (spot urine …

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Cardiac Markers and their Pattern of Release

A cardiac marker is a clinical laboratory test that is useful in the detection of acute myocardial infarction or minor …

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