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Investigations of Male Infertility

Both partners should be evaluated for infertility. For investigation of male infertility, following should be done: Clinical history regarding: • …

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Causes of Male Infertility

Infertility is the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse. 25% of couples will experience an episode of …

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Investigations of Hypothyroidism

parathyroid

Case scenario A 64 year old woman consulted her medical practitioner about her general lassitude Clinical history • Included weight …

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Graves Disease in Pregnancy

thyroid diseases

Case scenario • A pregnant 26 year old woman (31st week of gestation) presented with complaints of heat intolerance • …

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Investigations of Hyperthyroidism

Thyroid system

Case scenario A 16 years old boy was referred by his general practitioner for assessment of suspected hyperthyroidism Complains • …

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Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism

thyroid

Thyroid hormones widespread and fundamental metabolic effects has evidence in the major clinical signs and symptoms commonly found in patients, …

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Thyroid Hormones -An Introduction

parathyroid

The thyroid hormones are: a. Thyroxine (T4) b. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) They are synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland under …

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Markers of Bone Turn Over

Osteoclast

Bone is constantly undergoing formation & resorption (remodeling) with the two processes occurring in equal amounts. Markers with increased bone …

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Causes of Osteomalacia

Osteoclast

The causes of osteomalacia may be grouped into vitamin disorders, calcium deficiency, phosphate deficiency, disorders of bone matrix and inhibitors …

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Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

Major Classification of Osteopenia Osteoporosis Osteogenesis imperfecta Osteomalacia Malignancy Osteitis fibrosa Classification of osteoporosis 1. Senile 8. Genetic disorders 2. …

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