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Pathology

Atrophy of Testes

Atrophy of testes

Testes may undergo atrophy, i.e. shrinkage in size of cells by loss of cell substance. Causes: Progressive atherosclerotic narrowing of …

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Endometrial Hyperplasia

hyperplasia

It is the most common example. The proliferative activity of endometrium is controlled by increased estrogen, which is then stopped …

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Hypertrophy

Capillary endothelial cell hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is the increased size of cell, due to increased synthesis of structural components. It may be because of increased …

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Classification of Tumors of Colon and Rectum

stomach, colon, rectum

Tumors of colon and rectum may be classified, based on histology, into: 1.    Epithelial tumors: a.    Adenoma: i.    Tubular ii.   …

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Classification of Tumors of Small Intestine

Carcinoid tumor of small intestine

Tumors of small intestine may be classified, based on histology, into: 1.    Epithelial tumors: a.    Adenoma i.    Tubular ii.    Villous …

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Classification of Tumors of Stomach

Adenocarcinoma of Stomach

Tumors of stomach may be classified, based on histology, into: 1.    Epithelial tumors: a.    Intraepithelial neoplasia -Adenoma b.    Carcinoma: i.   …

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Classification of Tumors of Esophagus

Barrett esophagus

Tumors of esophagus may be classified, based on histological features, into: 1.    Epithelial tumors: a.    Squamous cell papilloma b.    Intraepithelial …

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Cell Response to Reversible Injury

Electron transport chain

In response to injury, cells respond by: Homeostasis: Ability of normal cell to maintain steady state. Adaptations: Adaptations are reversible, …

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Causes of Cell Injury

Reye syndrome

Life meets change & variation everyday. We make appropriate adjustments, so does the cell “the unit of life”. “Homeostasis” is …

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ATP Depletion and Mitochondrial Damage

Mitochondrion

ATP is generated in the body by Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria Anaerobic glycolytic pathway (liver)   ATP depletion by 5% …

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