howMed Know Yourself
Acetazolamide Not commonly used for treatment of epilepsy. Only effect is due to acidosis produced, being more effective in petit … Read More »
Benzodiazepines as Antiepileptics
Benzodiazepines acting as antiepileptics are: Clonazepam Nitrazepam Diazepam Mechanism of action Mainly act for control of seizures on three parts … Read More »
Phenobarbitone, Methobarbitone, Primidone and Succinamides
Barbiturates Main drug is phenobarbitone, which was first used as antiepileptic. Chemistry Derivatives of barbituric acid Mechanism of action –In … Read More »
Valproic Acid
Valproic acid is a derivative of carboxylic acid. Mechanism of action Drug acts by inhibiting enzymes responsible for breakdown of … Read More »
Carbamazepine and Oxcarbamazepine
Carbamazepine Chemically related to tricyclic antidepressant drug Imipramine. Mechanism of action Similar effects as phenytoin. Blocks Na channels and prevents … Read More »
Laboratory Diagnosis of Cancer
Tumor Diagnosis 1. Imaging: X-ray Ultrasound CT scan MRI 2. Tumor markers (may be specific for specific tumors) Receptors Hormones … Read More »
Invasion and Metastasis -Mechanism and Pathway
Epithelial and mesenchymal cancer cells have to invade: Basement membrane Capsule (if present) Penetrate surrounding stroma resulting in local invasion … Read More »
Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors
Differentiation Definition The extent to which tumor cells resemble the cell of origin. Resemblance to parent cells or cells of … Read More »
Necrosis vs Apoptosis
Necrosis Apoptosis Definition Morphologic changes caused by progressive degradative actions of enzymes on lethally injured cells. A form of … Read More »
Comparison of Humoral and Cell Mediated Immunity
Humoral Immunity Cell mediated Immunity Main cells B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Maturation Generated and matured in bone marrow Originate … Read More »